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skills/m05-type-driven/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: m05-type-driven
+description: "CRITICAL: Use for type-driven design. Triggers: type state, PhantomData, newtype, marker trait, builder pattern, make invalid states unrepresentable, compile-time validation, sealed trait, ZST, 类型状态, 新类型模式, 类型驱动设计"
+user-invocable: false
+---
+
+# Type-Driven Design
+
+> **Layer 1: Language Mechanics**
+
+## Core Question
+
+**How can the type system prevent invalid states?**
+
+Before reaching for runtime checks:
+- Can the compiler catch this error?
+- Can invalid states be unrepresentable?
+- Can the type encode the invariant?
+
+---
+
+## Error → Design Question
+
+| Pattern | Don't Just Say | Ask Instead |
+|---------|----------------|-------------|
+| Primitive obsession | "It's just a string" | What does this value represent? |
+| Boolean flags | "Add an is_valid flag" | Can states be types? |
+| Optional everywhere | "Check for None" | Is absence really possible? |
+| Validation at runtime | "Return Err if invalid" | Can we validate at construction? |
+
+---
+
+## Thinking Prompt
+
+Before adding runtime validation:
+
+1. **Can the type encode the constraint?**
+   - Numeric range → bounded types or newtypes
+   - Valid states → type state pattern
+   - Semantic meaning → newtype
+
+2. **When is validation possible?**
+   - At construction → validated newtype
+   - At state transition → type state
+   - Only at runtime → Result with clear error
+
+3. **Who needs to know the invariant?**
+   - Compiler → type-level encoding
+   - API users → clear type signatures
+   - Runtime only → documentation
+
+---
+
+## Trace Up ↑
+
+When type design is unclear:
+
+```
+"Need to validate email format"
+    ↑ Ask: Is this a domain value object?
+    ↑ Check: m09-domain (Email as Value Object)
+    ↑ Check: domain-* (validation requirements)
+```
+
+| Situation | Trace To | Question |
+|-----------|----------|----------|
+| What types to create | m09-domain | What's the domain model? |
+| State machine design | m09-domain | What are valid transitions? |
+| Marker trait usage | m04-zero-cost | Static or dynamic dispatch? |
+
+---
+
+## Trace Down ↓
+
+From design to implementation:
+
+```
+"Need type-safe wrapper for primitives"
+    ↓ Newtype: struct UserId(u64);
+
+"Need compile-time state validation"
+    ↓ Type State: Connection<Connected>
+
+"Need to track phantom type parameters"
+    ↓ PhantomData: PhantomData<T>
+
+"Need capability markers"
+    ↓ Marker Trait: trait Validated {}
+
+"Need gradual construction"
+    ↓ Builder: Builder::new().field(x).build()
+```
+
+---
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+| Pattern | Purpose | Example |
+|---------|---------|---------|
+| Newtype | Type safety | `struct UserId(u64);` |
+| Type State | State machine | `Connection<Connected>` |
+| PhantomData | Variance/lifetime | `PhantomData<&'a T>` |
+| Marker Trait | Capability flag | `trait Validated {}` |
+| Builder | Gradual construction | `Builder::new().name("x").build()` |
+| Sealed Trait | Prevent external impl | `mod private { pub trait Sealed {} }` |
+
+## Pattern Examples
+
+### Newtype
+
+```rust
+struct Email(String);  // Not just any string
+
+impl Email {
+    pub fn new(s: &str) -> Result<Self, ValidationError> {
+        // Validate once, trust forever
+        validate_email(s)?;
+        Ok(Self(s.to_string()))
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Type State
+
+```rust
+struct Connection<State>(TcpStream, PhantomData<State>);
+
+struct Disconnected;
+struct Connected;
+struct Authenticated;
+
+impl Connection<Disconnected> {
+    fn connect(self) -> Connection<Connected> { ... }
+}
+
+impl Connection<Connected> {
+    fn authenticate(self) -> Connection<Authenticated> { ... }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Decision Guide
+
+| Need | Pattern |
+|------|---------|
+| Type safety for primitives | Newtype |
+| Compile-time state validation | Type State |
+| Lifetime/variance markers | PhantomData |
+| Capability flags | Marker Trait |
+| Gradual construction | Builder |
+| Closed set of impls | Sealed Trait |
+| Zero-sized type marker | ZST struct |
+
+---
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+| Anti-Pattern | Why Bad | Better |
+|--------------|---------|--------|
+| Boolean flags for states | Runtime errors | Type state |
+| String for semantic types | No type safety | Newtype |
+| Option for uninitialized | Unclear invariant | Builder |
+| Public fields with invariants | Invariant violation | Private + validated new() |
+
+---
+
+## Related Skills
+
+| When | See |
+|------|-----|
+| Domain modeling | m09-domain |
+| Trait design | m04-zero-cost |
+| Error handling in constructors | m06-error-handling |
+| Anti-patterns | m15-anti-pattern |